Volume 5, Issue 2 (2025)

When a Clinically Stable Veterinary Patient Is Not Truly Stable: A Trajectory-Based Decision Architecture for Detecting Early Physiological Deterioration Before Conventional Diagnostic and Monitoring Thresholds Are Crossed

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Written by James Anderson Published on Vol 5 Issue 2, 2025

Veterinary patients are commonly classified as clinically stable when vital signs, laboratory values, imaging findings, and observable behavior remain within accepted limits or show no single abnormality that compels escalation. Yet apparent stability can coexist with declining physiological reserve, asynchronous organ-specific change, early injury signals, or discordance among clinical domains. This article develops an original non-empirical clinical decision architecture for interpreting such

Antimicrobial Stewardship at the Point of Veterinary Decision-Making: Integrating Diagnostic Certainty, Time-to-Harm, Host Vulnerability, Treatment Burden, Resistance Risk, and Reassessment Into Clinically Defensible Prescribing

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Written by Hans Müller Published on Vol 5 Issue 2, 2025

Veterinary antimicrobial prescribing frequently requires action before all relevant uncertainties are resolved. Decisions must reconcile the probability that bacterial disease is present, the consequences of delaying effective therapy, host vulnerability, infection-site pharmacology, treatment feasibility, and the wider resistance implications of antimicrobial exposure. Existing stewardship guidance addresses many of these considerations, but they are often encountered as separate recommendation

The Reference Interval Is Not the Patient: A Clinical Reasoning Framework for Reconciling Serial Biomarkers, Biological Variation, Imaging Evidence, Pretest Probability, and Discordant Findings in Veterinary Diagnosis

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Written by Sofía Martínez Published on Vol 5 Issue 2, 2025

Reference intervals are indispensable for veterinary laboratory interpretation, but they describe distributions in selected reference populations rather than the evolving biological state of an individual animal. Diagnostic error may arise when population-normality is treated as equivalent to patient stability, when serial change is interpreted without accounting for analytical or biological variation, or when laboratory, imaging, and clinical findings are expected to converge synchronously. Thi

From an Operable Lesion to an Appropriate Operation: A Multilevel Veterinary Surgical Decision Framework Integrating Anatomy, Biological Behavior, Functional Consequences, Physiological Reserve, and Expected Recovery

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Written by Kenji Tanaka Published on Vol 5 Issue 2, 2025

Veterinary surgical decisions are often framed around whether a lesion can be removed or a procedure can be technically completed. That framing is insufficient when technical feasibility coexists with uncertain disease control, major functional loss, limited physiological reserve, substantial anesthetic risk, prolonged recovery, or owner and care-environment constraints. This original non-empirical article develops a multilevel surgical-selection framework that separates operability from appropr

Perioperative Risk Is Dynamic Rather Than Preoperative: An Adaptive Veterinary Anesthesia and Surgical-Care Architecture Linking Physiological Reserve, Procedural Stress, Intraoperative Instability, Organ Vulnerability, and Recovery

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Written by João Silva Published on Vol 5 Issue 2, 2025

Veterinary perioperative risk is commonly summarized before anesthesia using patient characteristics, comorbidity, physical-status classification, laboratory findings, and anticipated procedural complexity. These variables are clinically important, but they describe vulnerability before the physiological consequences of anesthesia, surgery, instability, intervention, and recovery have unfolded. This article develops an original non-empirical framework in which perioperative risk is treated as a

Diagnostic Imaging Should Reduce Clinical Uncertainty Rather Than Merely Increase Abnormality Detection: A Veterinary Decision Framework for Incidental Findings, Discordant Modalities, Actionability, and Sequential Reassessment

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Written by Emma Wilson Published on Vol 5 Issue 2, 2025

Diagnostic imaging in veterinary medicine is commonly judged by its capacity to reveal abnormalities, yet abnormality detection is not equivalent to diagnostic utility. A conspicuous lesion may be incidental, artifactual, biologically nonspecific, or unrelated to the decision that prompted imaging, whereas clinically important disease may remain occult or only partially characterized. This article develops an original non-empirical framework in which imaging is evaluated by the extent to which i

Disease Control Fails When Herd-Level Risk Is Treated as an Individual-Animal Problem: A Population-Based Veterinary Architecture for Integrating Surveillance, Biosecurity, Vaccination, Treatment, Environmental Control, and Reassessment

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Written by Mark Anderson Published on Vol 5 Issue 2, 2025

Veterinary disease control often begins with the affected animal, yet the determinants of persistence, spread, and recurrence frequently reside at herd and population levels. This article develops an original non-empirical population-health architecture for integrating surveillance, biosecurity, vaccination, treatment, environmental control, and reassessment without treating any component as sufficient in isolation. The analysis distinguishes pathogen introduction from within-herd amplification,

Precision Feeding Should Begin With the Animal Rather Than the Diet: A Phenotype-to-Nutrient Decision Model Integrating Metabolic Demand, Disease State, Intake Capacity, Digestive Constraints, Behavior, and Feeding Environment

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Written by Sara Al-Fahd Published on Vol 5 Issue 2, 2025

Precision feeding is commonly framed as increasingly accurate diet formulation and delivery, yet this framing can reverse the decision sequence. Nutrient requirements arise from the animal’s changing physiological state, while the feasibility of meeting those requirements depends on disease status, voluntary intake, digestive capacity, feeding behavior, feed form, and environmental conditions. This article develops an original non-empirical nutritional decision model that begins with the animal

Animal Welfare Cannot Be Reduced to the Absence of Disease: A Multidomain Veterinary Architecture Linking Physical Health, Affective State, Behavioral Agency, Environmental Opportunity, Human Interaction, and Recoverability

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Written by Youssef Hariri Published on Vol 5 Issue 2, 2025

Animal welfare assessment is weakened when the absence of diagnosable disease, preserved production, or apparently normal behavior is treated as evidence of an acceptable welfare state. These observations remain important, but they do not by themselves resolve pain, affective experience, behavioral agency, access to valued opportunities, social conditions, human–animal interactions, temporal burden, or the animal’s capacity to recover after adversity. This original non-empirical article develops

When Problem Behaviour Is Also a Clinical Signal: An Integrated Veterinary Framework for Distinguishing Pain, Fear, Learned Responses, Environmental Conflict, Neurological Dysfunction, and Underlying Medical Disease

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Written by David Osei Published on Vol 5 Issue 2, 2025

Problem behaviour in veterinary patients is often interpreted through a behavioural label before competing clinical explanations have been adequately separated. This is problematic because similar observable phenotypes can arise from pain, fear or anxiety, learned contingencies, environmental mismatch, social or handling conflict, neurological dysfunction, endocrine or other medical disease, or several causes acting concurrently. This article develops an original non-empirical clinical-behaviour

From Animal Infection to Human Risk: A One Health Decision Architecture for Translating Veterinary Detection Into Exposure Assessment, Risk Escalation, Cross-Sector Communication, Public-Health Action, and Reassessment

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Written by Kristian Eriksen Published on Vol 5 Issue 2, 2025

Veterinary detection of a zoonotic pathogen is often treated as an implicit indicator of human risk, yet the inferential distance between an infected animal and a consequential human-health threat is substantial. This article develops an original non-empirical One Health decision architecture for translating veterinary detection into exposure assessment, risk escalation, communication, action, and reassessment without assuming that detection alone determines public-health significance. The analy

Emerging Animal Disease Is Recognized Too Late When Surveillance Systems Wait for Diagnostic Certainty: A Signal-to-Action Architecture for Syndromic Detection, Laboratory Uncertainty, Spatial Clustering, and Veterinary Outbreak Preparedness

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Written by Mikko Lahtinen Published on Vol 5 Issue 2, 2025

Emerging animal diseases may become epidemiologically consequential before conventional surveillance reaches diagnostic certainty. Clinical deterioration, production losses, behavioral change, unusual mortality, laboratory ambiguity, spatial concentration, temporal aberration, wildlife events, and movement-linked exposure can each provide incomplete but potentially actionable information. This original non-empirical surveillance architecture examines how such signals can be interpreted without c

Veterinary Surveillance at the Human–Animal–Environment Interface: An Integrative Review of Zoonotic Early Warning, Data Integration, Biosurveillance, Interoperability, Cross-Sector Governance, and Coordinated Response, 2017–2025

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Written by Omar Zayed Published on Vol 5 Issue 2, 2025

Zoonotic threats emerge across linked human, domestic-animal, wildlife, and environmental systems, yet surveillance remains frequently partitioned by sector, data structure, laboratory pathway, and authority. This integrative review examines how veterinary surveillance can contribute to earlier and more interpretable warning when signals must move across those boundaries. Evidence was selected from peer-reviewed literature published during 2017–2025 using an explicit integrative strategy that se

Diagnostic Accuracy and Clinical Utility of Point-of-Care Biomarkers for Early Recognition of Sepsis and Systemic Inflammation in Dogs and Cats: A Systematic Review of Veterinary Evidence, 2017–2025

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Written by Wei Zhang Published on Vol 5 Issue 2, 2025

Early recognition of sepsis in dogs and cats is difficult because systemic inflammation, infection, organ dysfunction, and treatment effects overlap clinically. Point-of-care biomarkers could shorten the interval between suspicion and reassessment, but analytical validity, diagnostic discrimination, prognosis, and decision utility are distinct claims. To systematically evaluate veterinary evidence published from 2017 through 2025 on point-of-care or clinically rapid biomarkers for recognizing se

Minimally Invasive Veterinary Surgery Across Companion and Large-Animal Practice: A Scoping Review of Procedural Innovation, Patient Selection, Perioperative Outcomes, Complications, Training Requirements, and Clinical Translation, 2017–2025

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Written by Rafael Mendoza Published on Vol 5 Issue 2, 2025

To map contemporary minimally invasive veterinary surgery across companion- and large-animal practice and examine how procedural innovation, patient selection, perioperative outcomes, complications, operator training, and evidence maturity constrain clinical interpretation. Peer-reviewed veterinary literature published from 2017 through 2025 was evaluated using a PRISMA-ScR-compatible approach. Evidence was charted by species, surgical specialty, procedural configuration, comparator structure, p

Volume 5, Issue 2 (2025)

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