Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Saudi Arabia show remarkable genetic variability, reflecting their adaptation to a range of habitats, from arid deserts to mountainous regions and coastal zones. In this study, we examined the population genetics of these camels, focusing on geographic influences rather than strictly ecological classifications. Analysis of whole-genome sequences from 63 individuals revealed pronounced differences in heterozygosity and inbreeding levels among populations, with mountainous camels displaying the highest diversity and coastal populations the lowest. Furthermore, we identified significant enrichment of genes linked to environmental resilience, including the HECT domain in desert-adapted camels, which contributes to protein stability under harsh conditions. Multivariate and admixture analyses highlighted the genetic uniqueness of certain breeds, particularly the Awarik (beach ecotype), which appears to have experienced prolonged genetic isolation.
