%0 Journal Article
%T Maternal Effects Function as Cross-Generational Environmental Forecasts That Can Improve or Misguide Offspring Life-History Programming
%A Ahmed Ben Ali
%A Samira Gharbi
%A Nabil Jebali
%J Entomological Research Letters
%@ 3108-639X
%D 2022
%V 2
%N 1
%R 10.51847/Lljp3CT2pj
%P 60-70
%X Maternal effects are a major route by which environmental variation experienced in one generation can influence the phenotype of the next, but their evolutionary interpretation is often stronger than the evidence permits. In insects, mothers can alter offspring development, diapause, thermal tolerance, immunity, morphology, allocation, and stress responses through behavioral, endocrine, nutritional, molecular, and immune routes. Yet cross-generational phenotype change does not by itself demonstrate that maternal information predicts offspring environments or that induced phenotypes improve fitness. This evolutionary perspective develops a proposed cross-generational forecast model in which maternal effects qualify as candidate environmental forecasts only when three conditions are considered jointly: parent–offspring environmental correspondence, transmission fidelity, and context-dependent efficacy of offspring programming. Evidence from thermal regimes, diapause systems, nutrition, toxicants, pathogens, and maternal condition shows both potentially beneficial and misleading cross-generational effects. The framework therefore distinguishes information transfer from physiological carry-over, mechanism from adaptive interpretation, trait response from fitness consequence, and laboratory matching from field generalization. It predicts that maternal programming should be most informative when cue reliability is high, mechanisms transmit relevant information faithfully, and offspring encounter environments in which the induced phenotype improves performance. Conversely, environmental mismatch, altered cue structure, stress intensity, or nonforecast maternal influences may produce neutral or harmful consequences. The article uses these distinctions to organize testable predictions for mechanistic and evolutionary validation in insects.
%U https://esvpub.com/article/maternal-effects-function-as-cross-generational-environmental-forecasts-that-can-improve-or-misguide-zd01nxsog6n6yrz